Formulae:

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2.1 - Structure Of Cells

Cells - Smallest building blocks that make up all living organisms.

FEATURE	PLANT CELL	ANIMAL CELL
Cellulose Cell Wall	Present	Absent
Cell Membrane	Present	Present
Shape	Permanent
Defined by cell wall [Near spherical, box-like, cylindrical]	Shapes vary [No cell wall]
Chloroplasts	Present [In some]	Absent
Vacuole	Large, permanent, contains cell sap	Small in cytoplasm, dont contain cell sap
Nucleus	Present [Side of the cell close to wall]	Present [Anywhere]
Cytoplasm	Present	Present

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STRUCTURE	FUNCTION
Cell Membrane	- Holds cell together

Controls substance movement in and out | | Nucleus | - Controls all activities
Contains genetic material | | Cytoplasm | - Chemical reactions take place here
Supports internal structures | | Chloroplasts | - Photosynthesis
Storage | | Cell Wall | - Stops cell from bursting [When filled with water]
Gives shape
Allows water and dissolved substances to pass [Fully permeable] | | Sap Vacuole [Plant Only] | - Full of water to maintain shape and firmness
Stores salt and sugars |

Organelle	Function
Mitochondria	- Powerhouse of the cell

Releases energy during aerobic respiration | | Ribosomes | - Synthesis of proteins
Found free in cytoplasm |

Specialised Cells	Information
Ciliated Cells	- Found in air passage[Moves mucus upwards], and oviduct [Move egg from ovary to uterus]

Contain cilia [Hair] that moves back and forth to create a current in the fluid next to the cells | | Root Hair Cells | - Long extensions [Large surface area] to absorb water and ions from soil | | Xylem Vessels | - Cylindrical and empty
Thickened with waterproof material
Support the stem and leaf
Move water and ions from the roots to the rest of the plant | | Nerve Cells | - Thin extensions like wires, Long
Carry and transmit information as nerve impulses | | Red Blood Cells | - Biconcave shape, Large surface area, Small and flexible
No mitochondria as to not aerobically respire
Contains hemoglobin for oxygen binding | | Palisade Mesophyll Cells | - Many chloroplasts for photosynthesis
Large valcuole for storage and firmness | | Sperm Cells | - Tail for swimming
Head contains genetic info
Releases enzyme for penetration | | Egg Cells | - Secrete enzymes to attract sperm
Contains genetic information |

Level [Ascending]	Information	Example
Organelles	Sub-Cellular [Helps with functioning of cells]	Mitochondria
Cell	Functional unit of life from which all organisms are made out of	Sperm, Egg, Root hair
Tissue	Group of similar cells performing a specific function	Muscle, Cardiac, Blood
Organ	Group of similar tissues → Function [Working together to accomplish a specific function]	Brain, Skin, Heart, Stem, Leaf
Organ System	Group of organs → Function	Digestive, Circulatory
Organism	Self sustaining and regulating entity made up of organ systems	Human, Tree