8.1 Transport Systems:

Xylem:

Transfers water and mineral ions - roots → leaves [Through stem]

Adaptations - No cross walls → long continuous tube

• No organelles → free passage of water, larger lumen
• thickened with lignin →  support the plant

Phloem:

Transports → sucrose, amino acids and hormones - both downwards from leaves to roots & upwards from roots to all parts of plant

Xylem + Phloem = Vascular Bundle

Cambium [Ring thing in stem] - Cells make new xylem and phloem as plant grows

Epidermis - outer later of cells [Protection and Waterproofing]

Pith - Inside the cambium

8.2 Water Uptake:

Functions of root:

• Take up water and mineral ions