Problems

1. Population Explosion:

• Migration from UP and Bihar, for employment
• Natural increase
• 9.9 Million(1991) → 20.7 million(2021)

2. Housing Crisis:

• 1.5 million shortage of affordable housing units
• Over 55% of the city's population resides in informal settlements and slums

3. Traffic Congestion: CASE A

1. Congestion: Mumbai faces severe traffic congestion, with vehicles moving at an average speed of just 9 km/h during peak hours, leading to long commutes and wasted time.
2. Air Pollution: The city's traffic contributes to high levels of air pollution. Mumbai's Air Quality Index (AQI) frequently surpasses safe limits, impacting residents' health. In 2020, the AQI reached 151 (Unhealthy) on average.
3. Stress and Health Issues: Prolonged commutes in traffic lead to increased stress levels and health problems. In 2019, a survey found that 46% of Mumbai's residents suffered from stress due to traffic-related issues.
4. Economic Loss: Traffic congestion costs Mumbai's economy significantly. In 2018, the city lost an estimated ₹1.5 lakh crore (approximately $20 billion) due to traffic delays and increased fuel consumption.
5. Accidents: Mumbai sees a high number of road accidents due to heavy traffic. In 2020, the city reported over 24,000 accidents, resulting in more than 470 fatalities.

4. Environmental Degradation:

• Air pollution levels averaging around 45 µg/m³ in 2020. Respiratory diseases like bronchitis
• The city lost approximately 60% of its green cover between 1972 and 2018.