Intro: The Indo-Gangetic Plain is one of the most fertile agricultural regions in the world, covering approximately 500,000 square kilometers. It supports a large population engaged in agriculture.

Inputs:

• Seeds: Last year’s or Indian Seed Vault
• Labor: manual labor provided by family members, including planting, weeding, harvesting, and other agricultural tasks.
• Water: Farmers use water from canals, tube wells, hand pumps, and traditional water harvesting structures to irrigate their fields setup by government of UP, from Ganga river

Processes:

• Land Preparation: Farmers plow, harrow, and prepare the land for sowing seeds. This process involves breaking up the soil, removing weeds, and creating seedbeds suitable for planting.
• Planting: Seeds are sown manually or using traditional seeders, depending on the crop and farming practices. Farmers carefully space and plant seeds in rows or beds, ensuring optimal germination and plant growth.
• Irrigation: Water is supplied to the fields through canals, tube wells, or surface irrigation methods such as furrows or flood irrigation. Farmers monitor water availability and ensure that crops receive adequate moisture for healthy growth.

Outputs:

• Food: The primary output of small-scale subsistence farming is food for the farmer's family and local communities. Crops grown in the Indo-Gangetic Plain include rice, wheat, maize, pulses, vegetables, and fruits.
• Livestock Feed: Some farmers may cultivate fodder crops such as legumes, grasses, and maize to feed livestock such as cattle, buffaloes, goats, and sheep.