Urbanization Factors:

1. Speed of Economic Growth: Faster growth of secondary and tertiary sectors drives urbanization.
2. Rate of Population Growth: More population through natural increase or rural-urban migration supports economic growth and urbanization.

Causes of Rapid Urban Growth:

1. Natural Increase: Contributes to about 60% of urban population growth.
2. Urban Pull Factors: Higher wages, better education and health, job opportunities, and government support attract people to cities.
3. Rural-Urban Migration: Accounts for 40% of urban growth due to factors like poor rural services and limited opportunities.
4. Rural Reclassification: Conversion of rural areas into cities contributes to urban sprawl.

Impacts of Urban Growth:

1. Transport: Quick urban growth strains public transport, leading to overloading, increased vehicle pollution, and informal shanty housing.
2. Housing: unaffordable and unobtainable → shanty housing, environmental degradation and health issues.
3. Informal Economy: rapid growth → unemployment, driving people to informal work, reducing tax contributions, and making regulation difficult.
4. Poverty Cycle: Low-income families settle in informal areas, face inequality, and struggle with limited access to education, perpetuating a poverty cycle.

Solutions:

Air Pollution:

1. Implement emission regulations and charges.
2. Promote pedestrian-friendly urban areas.